Fig. 1

Prophylactic anti-biofilm effect of ALBCs against gentamicin-resistant staphylococci (A) and gentamicin-susceptible Gram-negative bacteria (B). Results were presented as number of colony-forming units (CFU) per mL that are obtained after 24 h of biofilm formation in elution solutions from plain cement and ALBCs that were incubated in bacterial culture medium for 1 day, 3 days and 9 days. In panel A, white, light green, light red and light blue histograms correspond to the results for the gentamicin-resistant MRSA strain (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus); gray, dark green, dark red and dark blue correspond to the results for the gentamicin-resistant MSSE strain (Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis). In panel B, white, light green, light red and light blue histograms correspond to the results for Escherichia coli strain; mid gray, mid green, mid red, mid blue correspond to the results for Klebsiella pneumoniae strain; gray, dark green, dark red and dark blue correspond to the results for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain. All Gram-negative strains are susceptible to gentamicin. A Dunn’s multiple comparisons tests were performed as follow up test. For each day, *, **, *** or **** mean P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001 respectively. NS means non-significant in comparison with plain cement. For more details regarding the method, please refer to related reports [24, 25]