Antimicrobials in polymethylmethacrylate: from prevention to prosthetic joint infection treatment: basic principles and risk of resistance

Table 2 Articles describing the infection eradication rate using antibiotic-loaded spacers

First Author, year, (country)	N° of joints (N patients)	Joint	Type of spacer (N)	Antibiotic, total dose (amount^a)	Rate (%) of reimplantation	Infection eradication rate (%)
Radoicic et al. 2016 [56] (Serbia)	18	Knee	Handmade	VAN 2 g (high)	67	89
				ERT 4 g (high)
				CZA 2–4 g (high)
Dias Carvalho et al. 2021 [62] (Portugal)	58	Hip and Knee	Commercial G (14)	GEN (low)	100	57^b
			Commercial G-V (24)	GEN + VAN (high)	100	57^b
			Handmade (20)	VAN 3 g + MER 2 g + GEN 0.5 g (high)		89^b,c
Ortola et al. 2017 [57] (Italy)	112	Knee	Handmade	CLI 1 g + GEN 1 g (high)	75	96
Ortola et al. 2017 [57] (Italy)	112	Knee	Handmade	CLI 1 g + GEN 1 g + VAN 4 g (high)	92	98
Vasarhelyi et al. 2022 [58] (Canada)	176	Knee	Handmade	VAN 2 g and TOB or GEN 2.4 g (high)	NA	87
Corona et al. 2013 [59] (Spain)	46 (41)	Hip and Knee	Commercial G (20)	GEN 0.8 g to 3.2 g (low)	100	80
Corona et al. 2013 [59] (Spain)	46 (41)	Hip and Knee	Commercial G + V (26)	VAN + GEN (1:1) 0.8g to 3.2g (high)	88	85
Uchiyama et al. 2013 [60] (Japan)	37 (36)	Hip	Handmade	GEN 1.2 g (low)	86	81
Uchiyama et al. 2013 [60] (Japan)	37 (36)	Hip	Handmade	GEN + VAN 2 g if MRSA (high)		60
Nodzo et al. 2017 [61] (USA)	140	Knee	Commercial (58)	VAN 1 g + AG 3.8 g (high)^d	140 (100%)	83
			Molds (43)	VAN 2.7 g + AG 4.4 g (high)^d		88
			Tibial mold femoral autoclaved (39)	VAN 2 g + AG 2 g (high)^d		79

VAN Vancomycin, ERT Ertapenem, CZA Ceftazidime, GEN Gentamicin, CLI Clindamycin, MER Meropenem, TOB Tobramycin, AG Aminoglycoside
^aFor definition see the text
^bEradication evaluated as culture negative at second stage
^cEradication rate of both groups GEN+VAN or VAN+MER+GEN
^dMedian dose of each antibiotic

ISSN: 2524-7948