Table 1 Patient demographics and perioperative characteristics

Female Gender

294,369 (59)

349 (45)

294,369 (59)

<0.001

Age (year)

55 ± 13

59 ± 14

55 ± 13

<0.001

Race

<0.001

 White

435,993 (88)

617 (79)

435,376 (88)

 Black

46,202 (9.3)

148 (19)

46,054 (9.3)

 Asian

10,614 (2.1)

8 (1.0)

10,606 (2.1)

 Native American, Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander

4452 (0.9)

4 (0.5)

4448 (0.0)

BMI (kg/m²)

32 ± 6.7

35 ± 8.1

32 ± 6.7

<0.001

Preoperative Serum Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.9 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.7

0.9 ± 0.3

<0.001

Hematocrit (%)^a

41 ± 4.1

39 ± 5.2

41 ± 4.1

<0.001

Albumin (g/dL)^b

4.1 ± 0.4

3.9 ± 0.5

4.1 ± 0.4

<0.001

Diabetes Mellitus

80,003 (16)

273 (35)

79,730 (16)

<0.001

Hypertension

313,447 (63)

699 (90)

312,748 (63)

<0.001

Congestive Heart Failure

1753 (0.4)

30 (3.9)

1723 (0.4)

<0.001

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

18,998 (3.8)

92 (12)

18,906 (3.8)

<0.001

Smoker

49,643 (10)

94 (12)

49,549 (10)

0.049

 THA

188,939 (38)

287 (37)

188,652 (38)

0.543

 TKA

308,322 (62)

490 (63)

307,832 (62)

Surgical Duration (min)

93 ± 38

103 ± 46

93 ± 38

<0.001