Table 3 The results of the 17 included SRs for the patient-related characteristics of interest. The “overall” row for each characteristic shows the pooled results (based on the direction of effect) for each outcome measure for total hip arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty and mixed total hip/knee arthroplasty separately. The up (↑) arrows denote statistical significance (higher odds or risks) in cases versus controls and the constant arrow ( ↔) denotes no statistical significance. The number in parentheses next to the direction of the effect arrow in the “overall” rows denote the number of pooled SRs of that result

Smoking

Singh (2011) [1]

THA

↑ RR 1.24^HNR

-

-

 ↔ RR 3.42^HNR

 ↔ RR 1.25^HNR

-

 ↔ RR 1.14^HNR

-

-

↑ RR 1.63^HNR

Critically low

Teng et al. (2015) [17]

THA

-

-

-

↑ RR 3.71

↑ RR 3.05

 ↔ RR 1.27

↑ RR 2.58^H

 ↔ MD 0.03

-

-

Critically low

Kunutsor et al. (2016) [2]

THA/TKA

-

-

-

↑ RR 1.83^HNR

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

Kong et al. (2017) [6]

THA/TKA

-

-

-

 ↔ OR 1.48

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

TKA

-

-

-

 ↔ OR 1.48

-

-

-

-

-

-

Bedard et al. (2019) [15]

THA/TKA

-

-

-

↑ OR 2.02^HNR

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

Bojan et al. (2020) [16]

THA

-

-

-

↑ OR 1.81

-

-

↑ OR 2.02

-

-

-

Critically low

Ren et al. (2021) [7]

THA

-

-

-

 ↔ RR 1.24

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

Resende et al. (2021) [14]

THA/TKA

-

-

-

↑ OR 1.82^H

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

He et al. (2022) [18]

TKA

↑ RR 1.22^H

↑ RR 1.71

 ↔ (pneumonia ↑ RR 1.45^H)

↑ RR 2.05

-

-

↑ RR 1.31

-

-

 ↔ RR 1.83^H

Low

Overall (number of pooled SRs)

THA

↑ (1)

-

-

CE (4)

CE (2)

 ↔ (1)

↑ (2)

 ↔ (1)

-

↑ (1)

-

TKA

↑ (1)

↑ (1)

 ↔ (pneumonia ↑) (1)

↑ (2)

-

-

↑ (1)

-

-

 ↔ (1)

-

THA/TKA

-

-

-

↑ (4)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Alcohol excess

Kunutsor et al. (2016) [2]

THA/TKA

-

-

-

 ↔ RR 2.84^HNR

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

Kong et al. (2017) [6]

THA/TKA

-

-

-

↑ OR 1.88

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

Ren et al. (2021) [7]

THA

-

-

-

↑ RR 1.69^H

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

Resende et al. (2021) [14]

THA/TKA

-

-

-

↑ OR 2.95^H

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

Overall (number of pooled SRs)

THA/

-

-

-

↑ (1)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

THA/TKA

↑ (3)

-

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Ravi et al. (2012) [19]

THA

-

-

-

-

-

↑ OR 2.16

 ↔ ^a OR 0.91

-

-

 ↔ OR 1.40^H

Critically low

TKA

-

-

-

-

-

-

 ↔ ^a OR 2.02^H

-

-

 ↔ OR 0.86

Lee et al. (2017) [20]

THA

-

-

-

↑ OR 2.04

-

-

 ↔ OR 1.22^b

-

-

-

Critically low

Kong et al. (2017) [6]

THA

-

-

-

↑ OR 1.75

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

TKA

-

-

-

↑ OR 1.34

THA/TKA

-

-

-

↑ OR 1.57

Ren et al. (2021) [7]

THA

-

-

-

↑ RR 1.37

-

-

-

-

-

-

Critically low

Overall (number of pooled SRs)

THA

-

-

-

↑ (3)

-

↑ (1)

 ↔ (2)

-

-

 ↔ (1)

-

TKA

-

-

-

↑ (1)

-

-

 ↔ (1)

-

-

 ↔ (1)

-

THA/TKA

-

-

↑ (1)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hepatitis C

Wei et al. (2019) [23]

THA

↑ HR 1.25

-

-

↑ HR 2.69

-

-

↑ HR 2.21^H

↑ HR 2.05^H

-

-

Critically low

TKA

↑ HR 1.55^H

-

-

 ↔ HR 1.41

-

-

 ↔ HR 1.53

↑ HR 4.61^H

-

-

THA/TKA

↑ HR 1.55^H

-

-

↑ HR 2.04

-

-

↑ HR 2.51

↑ HR 0.88^H

-

-

Cheng et al. (2022) [24]

THA

↑ OR 1.53^H

↑ OR 1.72^H

↑ OR 1.72^H

↑ OR 1.71

-

-

↑ OR 1.59

-

-

-

Critically low

TKA

↑ OR 1.67^H

↑ OR 1.75^H

↑ OR 1.86^H

↑ OR 2.06

-

-

↑ OR 1.40

-

-

-

THA/TKA

↑ OR 1.53^H

↑ OR 1.58^H

↑ OR 1.72^H

↑ OR 2.72

-

-

↑ OR 1.47

-

-

Overall (number of pooled SRs)

THA

↑ (2)

↑ (1)

↑ (1)

↑ (2)

-

-

↑ (2)

↑ (1)

-

-

-

TKA

↑ (2)

↑ (1)

↑ (1)

CE (2)

-

-

CE (2)

↑ (1)

-

-

-

THA/TKA

↑ (2)

↑ (1)

↑ (1)

↑ (2)

-

-

↑ (2)

↑ (1)

-

-

-

HIV

Dimitriou et al. (2017) [22]

THA/TKA

↑ RR 2.28^HNR

-

-

↑ RR 2.28^HNR

-

-

 ↔ ^HNR

-

-

-

Critically low

O’ Neill et al. (2019) [21]

THA/TKA

-

-

-

↑ RR 3.31

-

-

↑ RR 2.25

-

-

-

Critically low

Overall (number of pooled SRs)

THA/TKA

↑ (1)

-

-

↑ (2)

-

-

CE (2)

-

-

-

-

Depression

Kim & Kim 2021 [25]

THA/TKA

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

↑ OR 1.27^H,90

-

Critically low

THA

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 ↔ OR 1.51^H,90

-

TKA

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

↑ OR 1.28^H,90

-

Overall (number of pooled SRs)

THA/TKA

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

↑ (1)

-

-

THA

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 ↔ (1)

-

-

TKA

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

↑ (1)

-

-

Solid organ transplant

Kim et al. (2022) [26]

THA

-

-

-

 ↔ OR 1.75^H

 ↔ OR 0.77

 ↔ OR 1.58^H

 ↔ OR 0.9^H

-

↑ OR 1.65

↑ OR 2.02

Critically low

Overall (number of pooled SRs)

-

-

-

 ↔ (1)

 ↔ (1)

 ↔ (1)

 ↔ (1)

-

↑ (1)

↑ (1)

-