A prospective, randomized trial of liposomal bupivacaine compared to conventional bupivacaine on pain control and postoperative opioid use in adults receiving adductor canal blocks for total knee arthroplasty

Table 2 Frequency of postoperative opioid use for pain management over time, stratified by treatment arm

Time Period	Frequency, N (%)	Bupivacaine type used in adductor canal block (treatment arm)
Time Period	Frequency, N (%)	Liposomal	Conventional	P-value
PACU	N	40	40
	Received opioids	13 (32.5%)	17 (42.5%)	0.49^a
	Total dose (MME)^b	8 [7.5–17.5]	7.5 [7.5–17.5]	0.84^c
POD-0	N	40	39^d
	Received opioids	34 (85.0%)	35 (89.7%)	0.74^e
	Total dose (MME)^b	26.2 [17.5–49.2]	37.5 [22.5–45.0]	0.016^f
POD-1	N	37	38
	Received opioids	30 (81.1%)	35 (92.1%)	0.19^e
	Total dose (MME)^b	27.5 [16.9–38.1]	36 [20.0–45.0]	0.016^f
POD-2	N	36	38
	Received opioids	24 (66.7%)	34 (89.5%)	0.024^e
	Total dose (MME)^b	28.8 [13.1–37.5]	30.0 [20.0–39.8]	0.016^f

PACU post-anesthesia care unit, POD post-operative day, MME morphine milligram equivalents
^aChi square test with continuity correction
^bData shown as median [interquartile range]; only those receiving opioids during each specified time period are included
^cPACU opioid use was compared between study groups by Mann Whitney U test
^dPre-discharge opioid data unavailable for N = 1
^eFisher’s exact test
^fRepeated measures analysis using a linear mixed effects model after log¹⁰ transformation of opioid dose data

ISSN: 2524-7948