Table 2 Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for assessing the quality of observational studies
Author | Year | Study | Selection (/4) | Comparability | Exposure | Total stars |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tsai et al., [26] | 2022 | Retrospective, cohort | ★★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 8 |
Willems et al., [28] | 2022 | Prospective, cohort | ★★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 8 |
Cameron [20] | 2002 | Prospective, cohort | ★★★★ | ★★★ | 7 | |
Howie et al., [21] | 2007 | Prospective, cohort | ★★★★ | ★★★ | 7 | |
Petrie et al., [23] | 2017 | Retrospective, cohort | ★★★★ | ★★★ | 7 | |
Tetreault et al., [24] | 2014 | Retrospective, cohort | ★★★★ | ★★ | 6 | |
Toni et al., [25] | 1994 | Retrospective, cohort | ★★★★ | ★★ | 6 | |
Weiss et al., [27] | 2011 | Retrospective, cohort | ★★★★ | ★★ | 6 |