Table 2 Impact of resilience on outcomes

Trinh et al., 2021 [10]

Higher preoperative BRS scores significantly correlated with greater PROMIS-PH (r = 0.49, P < 0.001) and MH (r = 0.47, P < 0.001) outcomes at 1 year follow-up. Furthermore, significant differences in PROMIS-PH (42.3 vs. 47.7 vs. 54.1, P < 0.001) and MH (45.8 vs. 50.8 vs. 53.3, P < 0.001) scores were observed across low, normal, and high resilience groups 1 year postoperatively. Although not statistically significant, resilience groups additionally differed in the proportion of patients who reached MCID for PROMIS-PH (P = 0.056) and MH (P = 0.135)

Trinh et al., 2022 [13]

Resilience did not significantly impact the use of opioids in the perioperative period. However, in the immediate inpatient postoperative period, high resilience patients required significantly fewer opioids than patients with low resilience (2.12 MME/h vs. 3.11 MME/h, P = 0.035). Higher preoperative BRS scores also strongly correlated with reduced inpatient opioid usage (r = -0.026, P = 0.003). Interestingly, no significant differences were observed across resilience groups for postoperative outpatient opioid use regarding both initial prescription and total refills

Zabat et al., 2022 [14]

At 3-month follow-up, HOOS JR scores significantly increased from the low to high resilience patient groups (low vs. normal vs. high: 72.5 ± 16.3 vs. 75.9 ± 15.5 vs. 81.0 ± 12.7, P = 0.03) despite no baseline differences in HOOS JR scores

Increasing resilience was significantly associated with shorter LOS. The average LOS for low, normal, and high resilience groups were 44.29 ± 49.13, 31.14 ± 26.86, and 10.97 ± 15.00 h, respectively. Normal and high-resilience patients were also more likely to be discharged on the same day compared to low-resilience patients (OR: 1.49 and 3.01 respectively, P = 0.01)

Bumberger et al., 2022 [15]

WOMAC scores were significantly predicted by resilience (r = 0.248, P = 0.008), but UCLA scores were not (r = 0.045, P = 0.332)

Magaldi et al., 2019 [11]

3-month outcomes: The change in r² attributable to preoperative resilience for PROMIS-PH and MH scores was 0.06 (P = 0.001) and 0.15 (P < 0.001), respectively. For EQ-5D, the change in r² attributable to preoperative resilience was 0.10 (P < 0.001). KOOS JR scores were not significantly impacted by preoperative resilience 3 months postoperatively. The change in r² attributable to concurrent resilience was 0.10 (P < 0.001) for KOOS JR scores, 0.24 (P < 0.001) for EQ-5D scores, 0.18 (P < 0.001) for PROMIS-PH scores, and 0.27 (P < 0.001) for PROMIS-MH scores

1-year outcomes: The change in r² attributable to preoperative resilience for the PROMIS-PH and MH scores was 0.10 (P < 0.001) and 0.20 (P < 0.001), respectively. The change in r² attributable to preoperative resilience for the EQ-5D score was 0.16 (P < 0.001). Similar to the 3-month follow-up, KOOS JR scores were not significantly impacted by preoperative resilience. The change in r² attributable to concurrent resilience was 0.05 (P = 0.006), 0.17 (P < 0.001), 0.09 (P < 0.001), and 0.26 (P < 0.001) for KOOS JR, EQ-5D, PROMIS-PH, and PROMIS-MH scores respectively

Lynskey et al., 2021 [16]

There was a strong positive correlation between CD-RISC and EQ-VAS (r = 0.530, P < 0.001), a moderate positive correlation between CD-RISC and Satisfaction VAS (r = 0.311, P < 0.001), and a moderate positive correlation between CD-RISC and the NPS (r = 0.393, P < 0.001). Resilient patients (CD-RISC > 60%) had better EQ-VAS (86 vs. 72, P < 0.001), Satisfaction VAS (93 vs. 85, P = 0.02), and NPS (9.5 vs. 8.4, P < 0.001) compared with Less Resilient (CD-RISC < 40%) patients

March et al., 2022 [17]

There was no significant correlation between resilience and LOS (r = -0.209, P = 0.072). There was no significant difference detected in LOS between groups based on resilience (Mann–Whitney U = 330.0, P = 0.478). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in inpatient rehabilitation use (Mann–Whitney U = 305.50, P = 0.188) or physiotherapy inpatient occasions of service (Mann–Whitney U = 344.0, P = 0.618) between high and low resilience groups

Bumberger et al., 2021 [18]

Upon admission for rehabilitation, WOMAC scores were not significantly predicted by resilience (r = 0.127, P = 0.118). On the other hand, UCLA scores were significantly predicted by resilience (r = 0.257, P = 0.001)

Nwankwo et al., 2021 [19]

At the 3-month postoperative timepoint, resilience was positively correlated with KOOS JR (P = 0.002) as well as PROMIS-PH (P < 0.001) and MH (P < 0.001) scores following TKA. Statistical significance was lost for PROMIS-MH following adjustment for covariates

Benditz et al., 2017 [20]

Resilience was not associated with HHS outcomes following THA

Haffar et al., 2021 [21]

No significant correlation was observed between BRS and KOOS JR, KSS Patient Expectation, KSS Patient Satisfaction, and KSS Symptoms scores. While patients with greater resilience tended to have higher KSS Functional Activities scores, this finding was not statistically significant (r = 0.215, P = 0.062). However, resilience did have a significant positive correlation with postoperative VR-12 MCS reported a minimum of 1 year postoperatively (r = 0.428, P < 0.001). Nonetheless, no significant correlation was found between BRS scores and change in VR-12 MCS, KOOS JR, or any of the aforementioned KSS parameters from the preoperative to minimum 1-year postoperative time-points

There was no correlation between BRS scores and rate of reoperations (r = -0.002, P = 0.989), postoperative complications (r = 0.575, P = 0.061), or postoperative opioid consumption (r = -0.157, P = 0.166)

Sciume et al., 2018 [22]

Greater resilience level was significantly associated with higher functional independence measure (FIM) score, which measures a patient’s ability to carry out daily activities of living on their own. However, this finding only held true for fracture patients, and no difference in FIM score was observed between resilience levels for those who underwent elective surgery